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Best Flowering Soil-Free Plants: 15 Ranked (2026)
The best flowering soil-free and mounted plants are Mounted hoya, Aquatic bladderwort, Upright air plant. Sodate ranked 18 qualifying plants from a database of 208 profiles on a published 100-point rubric weighted to flowering reliability (40), care difficulty (25), pet safety (20) and cost (15). Mounted hoya scores 97/100, the highest in this group.
Mounted hoya, Aquatic bladderwort, Upright air plant lead this ranking of flowering soil-free and mounted plants. Entry requires full marks for plants documented to bloom reliably or repeatedly, rather than merely being capable of flowering. 15 of the 15 listed are non-toxic to cats and dogs. Every score is computed from the same four measures, flowering reliability, care difficulty, pet safety and cost, and the rubric is published below so you can recompute any ranking yourself.
Why trust this list
Almost any plant can flower; the useful question is whether it will flower for you, in your light, without intervention. Full marks here go only to plants documented to bloom reliably or repeatedly. The single biggest reason a flowering plant stops flowering is insufficient light, because blooms cost the plant far more energy than leaves, and they are the first thing it drops when short of it. This group grows without conventional potting soil: air plants, mounted epiphytes, water-grown cuttings and aquatic species. The care model is genuinely different rather than a variation on potted care, because there is no soil buffer holding water between waterings, so the schedule is less forgiving and the drying-out is much faster.
At a glance: all 15 ranked
| Rank | Plant | Best for | Score | Flowering reliability | Pet safety | US price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Mounted hoya | Wanting actual flowers, not just foliage, in a home with pets | 97 | Blooms reliably | Pet-safe | $20–$60 |
| #2 | Aquatic bladderwort | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus: pet-safe and beginner-friendly | 85 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $5–$12 |
| #3 | Upright air plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus: pet-safe and beginner-friendly | 85 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $5–$12 |
| #4 | Duckweed | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $0–$5 |
| #5 | Octopus air plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $5–$12 |
| #6 | Pink quill plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $10–$25 |
| #7 | Red-blushing air plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $5–$12 |
| #8 | Silver puffball air plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $6–$14 |
| #9 | Sky plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $4–$10 |
| #10 | Spanish moss | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $5–$15 |
| #11 | String of hearts | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 75 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $8–$25 |
| #12 | Dancing lady orchid | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 72 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $20–$60 |
| #13 | Xerographica | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 72 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $15–$50 |
| #14 | Mounted dendrobium orchid | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 68 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $25–$70 |
| #15 | Medusa's head air plant | Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets | 65 | Flowers occasionally | Pet-safe | $6–$14 |
How we scored these
Every plant is scored out of 100 on four measures, each pulled directly from its care profile. No score is assigned by hand, so the ranking can be reproduced from the data:
Ties are broken alphabetically. Prices are researched typical retail ranges, not live quotes. Check each plant's profile for the regional breakdown. 18 plants in the directory met the entry bar; the top 15 are listed here.
All 15 flowering soil-free and mounted plants, ranked
Mounted hoya
Slab-mounted hoya
Best for: Wanting actual flowers, not just foliage, in a home with pets
Elite tier: top-scoring on every measure
✓ Strong signal Light tolerance: Bright indirect light with an hour or two of gentle direct sun; good light is what drives flowering
⚠ Watch out for Stem blackens at the moss line: usually too much moss holding water against the stem
Our take This is a method page for growing a hoya mounted instead of potted. Tie the vine to a cork slab over a thin sphagnum pad, give bright indirect light, and water every 1-3 days.
Strengths
- Blooms reliably rather than occasionally
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Beginner-friendly and forgiving of missed waterings
Trade-offs
- Watch for: stem blackens at the moss line
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light with an hour or two of gentle direct sun; good light is what drives flowering |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70% is ideal for mounted culture; hoyas cope with less than a mounted fern would |
| Temperature | 18-29°C (65-85°F); keep above 12°C in winter |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $20–$60 |
Aquatic bladderwort
Utricularia gibba
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus: pet-safe and beginner-friendly
Elite tier: top-scoring on every measure
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Mat thinning and turning brown: usually water too hard/alkaline or too little light
Our take Bladderwort is the easiest carnivorous plant you can keep: it floats free in ponds or tanks, needs no substrate, no soil, and no feeding. Its microscopic bladder traps vacuum up daphnia, cyclops, and mosquito larvae on their own.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Beginner-friendly and forgiving of missed waterings
Trade-offs
- Watch for: mat thinning and turning brown
Care details
| Light | : |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | : |
| Temperature | : |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to fish, cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $5–$12 |
Upright air plant
Pink-spike air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus: pet-safe and beginner-friendly
Elite tier: top-scoring on every measure
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Centre leaves pull out easily, base darkens: usually crown rot from water sitting in the dense rosette
Our take Stricta is one of the fastest and most forgiving air plants: bright indirect light, a 20-30 minute weekly soak, then shake and dry upside down so no water sits in the rosette. Unlike blushing species, it blooms with a distinct pink bract spike and blue flowers, and it clumps quic
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Beginner-friendly and forgiving of missed waterings
Trade-offs
- Wants higher humidity than most homes provide
- Watch for: centre leaves pull out easily, base darkens
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; soft-leaf forms take less sun, hard-leaf forms take more |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 40-60% ideal; increase watering frequency in heated winter rooms |
| Temperature | 10-32°C (50-90°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $5–$12 |
Duckweed
Water lentil
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Complete green carpet, gasping fish: usually unchecked coverage blocking light and oxygen exchange
Our take Duckweed is legal in most places, costs almost nothing (fish shops often give it away), and is genuinely useful: it strips nitrates, shades algae out, and feeds goldfish, koi, and poultry. The catch is control, not care.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($0–$5 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: complete green carpet, gasping fish
Care details
| Light | : |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | : |
| Temperature | : |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic; eaten by fish, ducks, and poultry, and researched as a protein crop |
| US price | $0–$5 |
Octopus air plant
Bulbous air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Bulb darkens, softens, and the centre pulls out: usually water trapped in the hollow bulb. bulbosa's classic failure mode
Our take The octopus plant has few trichomes and glossy leaves, so it likes more humidity than silvery tillandsias: bright indirect light, a weekly 20-30 minute soak plus misting between, and a hard shake-dry upside down afterwards. Water trapped in the hollow bulb is its number-one kille
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($5–$12 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: bulb darkens, softens, and the centre pulls out
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; less sun-tolerant than silvery species |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70% ideal: the most humidity-loving of the common bulbous tillandsias; thrives in bright bathrooms |
| Temperature | 12-32°C (54-90°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $5–$12 |
Pink quill plant
Pink quill bromeliad
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Base rots and the rosette collapses: usually grown in dense potting soil or watered like a normal houseplant
Our take Here is the contrast that trips people up: almost every tillandsia is grown bare with no medium at all, but T. cyanea is a potted plant.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($10–$25 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: base rots and the rosette collapses
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; a little gentle morning sun deepens the bract colour, harsh midday sun scorches leaves |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70% preferred; brown leaf tips are the first sign the air is too dry |
| Temperature | 16-27°C (60-80°F); protect from cold draughts and never below 10°C |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $10–$25 |
Red-blushing air plant
Flame air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Centre turns brown-black and leaves shed from the middle: usually crown rot. water sat in the dense rosette
Our take Brachycaulos has soft, almost trichome-free green leaves, so it wants more water and humidity than silvery species but less direct sun: bright indirect light, a 20-30 minute weekly soak plus misting in dry rooms, and a thorough upside-down dry so no water sits in the dense rosett
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($5–$12 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: centre turns brown-black and leaves shed from the middle
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; soft leaves scorch in hot direct sun, but good light is needed for the red flush |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70% ideal; among the more humidity-hungry common species |
| Temperature | 12-32°C (54-90°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $5–$12 |
Silver puffball air plant
Dandelion air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Whole sections of fine leaves shed at a touch: usually rot in the bulb from trapped water
Our take Fuchsii's hair-fine leaves have almost no water storage, so it dehydrates faster than any chunky species: bright indirect light, a short 15-20 minute soak weekly (or frequent misting), and a quick upside-down dry. The fine crown rots if water lodges in the bulb.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($6–$14 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Wants higher humidity than most homes provide
- Watch for: whole sections of fine leaves shed at a touch
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light with some gentle morning sun |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 40-60%; mist more often in heated rooms |
| Temperature | 10-30°C (50-86°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $6–$14 |
Sky plant
Ionantha air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Base turns brown/black and leaves fall out from the center: usually rot from water sitting in the rosette or no airflow after soaking
Our take T. ionantha is the classic beginner air plant: no soil, no pot.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($4–$10 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Wants higher humidity than most homes provide
- Watch for: base turns brown/black and leaves fall out from the center
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; tolerates some gentle morning sun; avoid hot midday glass |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 40-60% ideal; increase watering frequency in dry, heated rooms |
| Temperature | 10-32°C (50-90°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $4–$10 |
Spanish moss
Tillandsia usneoides
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Strands turn crispy, pale, and snap when bent: usually under-watering. the most common indoor failure
Our take Spanish moss is the highest-water air plant most people will own: mist thoroughly 3-4 times a week (daily in dry homes), or dunk the whole curtain weekly, and hang it where air moves so it dries between waterings. Bright indirect light, no soil, no pot, just drape it.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($5–$15 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Wants higher humidity than most homes provide
- Watch for: strands turn crispy, pale, and snap when bent
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light or dappled sun; scorches in hot direct afternoon sun indoors |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | Loves 50%+; ideal over a kitchen sink or in a bright bathroom |
| Temperature | 10-35°C (50-95°F); survives brief light frosts outdoors when established |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $5–$15 |
String of hearts
Hearts entangled
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Leaves yellow and drop, stems mushy near the soil: usually overwatering. the tuberous caudex is rotting
Our take Treat it like a succulent that happens to trail: bright light with some gentle direct sun, water only when the pot has dried out (every 1-2 weeks in summer, monthly in winter), and a gritty, fast-draining mix in a smallish pot. Strong light keeps the marbling silver and the leave
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($8–$25 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: leaves yellow and drop, stems mushy near the soil
Care details
| Light | Bright light with 2-3 hours of gentle direct sun; a south or west window slightly set back is ideal |
| Water | Only when the soil has dried fully. Every 1-2 weeks in the growing season, every 3-4 weeks in winter |
| Humidity | Ordinary household humidity; no misting needed |
| Temperature | 18-27°C (65-80°F); keep above 10°C (50°F) |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $8–$25 |
Dancing lady orchid
Golden shower orchid
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for New leaves emerge pleated like an accordion: usually the plant dried out or lost roots while the growth was forming
Our take Oncidiums have much finer roots than a cattleya, so a mount dries out fast and watering needs to be frequent and light: drench daily or every other day in growth, less in winter. Mount on cork or tree fern with a modest sphagnum pad, give bright indirect light and 50-70% humidity
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($20–$60 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: new leaves emerge pleated like an accordion
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; more than a phalaenopsis, less than a cattleya. Leaves should be light green |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70%; below 40% mounted oncidiums struggle badly |
| Temperature | 16-29°C (60-85°F) for most hybrids, with a modest night drop |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $20–$60 |
Xerographica
Silver queen air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Strong pick: one clear trade-off
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Center leaves pull out easily; base smells sour: usually crown rot from water pooled in the deep rosette or overwatering
Our take Xerographica is a xeric (dry-adapted) air plant, so it wants less water than other tillandsias: a 20-30 minute soak every 2-3 weeks, dried thoroughly upside down, plus more light than most, even some direct sun. Its thick silvery trichomes are its water storage system.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($15–$50 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Watch for: center leaves pull out easily; base smells sour
Care details
| Light | The brightest spot you have. Bright indirect to several hours of direct sun; more light than most tillandsias |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | Tolerates dry household air better than any common air plant |
| Temperature | 10-35°C (50-95°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $15–$50 |
Mounted dendrobium orchid
Bamboo orchid
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Situational: works if the trade-offs suit you
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Healthy plant, plenty of new canes, no flowers: usually no cool dry winter rest. it was watered and fed all year
Our take The single most important dendrobium fact: most types need a cool, dry winter rest, roughly 8-12 weeks at 10-16°C with little or no water and no fertiliser, or they simply will not bloom. Grow it mounted on cork with bare roots, drench and dry through the growing season, then sto
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
Trade-offs
- Watch for: healthy plant, plenty of new canes, no flowers
Care details
| Light | Bright: comparable to a cattleya; most dendrobiums want more light than a phalaenopsis |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 50-70% in growth; rest can be drier |
| Temperature | 18-30°C in growth; 10-16°C nights during the rest period |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $25–$70 |
Medusa's head air plant
Medusa air plant
Best for: Foliage first, flowers as a bonus, in a home with pets
Situational: works if the trade-offs suit you
✓ Strong signal Non-toxic to cats and dogs. Verified per species, not assumed from its family
⚠ Watch out for Base of the bulb turns dark and soft; leaves pull out from the centre: usually water trapped inside the hollow bulb after soaking. the classic caput-medusae killer
Our take Medusa's head is an easy, sculptural air plant: bright indirect light, a 20-30 minute soak once a week, and, critically, a firm shake and upside-down drying afterwards, because water trapped in its hollow bulb causes rot faster than in any flat-rosette tillandsia. Pet-safe.
Strengths
- Flowers under the right conditions
- Non-toxic to cats and dogs
- Inexpensive to start ($6–$14 in the US)
Trade-offs
- Fussier than average: not a starter plant
- Wants higher humidity than most homes provide
- Watch for: base of the bulb turns dark and soft; leaves pull out from the centre
Care details
| Light | Bright indirect light; tolerates a little gentle morning sun |
| Water | : |
| Humidity | 40-60% ideal; increase misting in heated winter rooms |
| Temperature | 10-32°C (50-90°F); protect from frost |
| Toxicity | Non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans |
| US price | $6–$14 |
Stop guessing whether that corner is bright enough
Sodate measures the actual light where your plant sits and builds its watering schedule from that reading and your season, not a fixed interval. Currently in development.
See Sodate: coming soonWhat to check before buying
- Ask where the plant was grown. Greenhouse-grown stock looks perfect for weeks on stored energy before it shows dim-room stress
- Check leaf spacing on the stem: wide gaps mean it was already stretching for light before you bought it
- Choose plain-green over variegated for genuinely dim spots. Variegated leaves have less chlorophyll and need more light
- Inspect leaf undersides and stem joints for pests, which spread faster on plants stressed by low light
- Confirm pet toxicity yourself if you have cats or dogs, rather than relying on shelf labels
Red flags to walk away from
- Flowering plants marketed as low-light. Flowering is energy-expensive and blooms are the first casualty of a dim room.
- Plants bought in full bloom with no buds behind the open flowers. You are buying the last week of a display.
- Forced or dyed blooms, common in orchids and bromeliads. The colour is not the plant's, and it will not repeat.
- Air plants sold glued into shells or ornaments. The glue blocks the base and the plant cannot be soaked properly, so it dies slowly.
Best time to buy
Buy in bud, at the start of that plant's stated bloom season, which each profile lists. Buying at the end of a season means paying full price for the tail of a display.
Frequently asked questions
Why won't my plant flower?
Light, in the great majority of cases. After that, the wrong season, too much nitrogen fertiliser driving leaf growth at the expense of buds, or a plant not yet mature enough to bloom.
Should I buy a plant already in flower?
Buy one in bud rather than in full bloom. You get the whole display rather than its final week, and buds indicate the plant is happy enough to be setting them.
Do flowering plants need special fertiliser?
A high-phosphorus 'bloom' feed helps some species, but the more common problem is too much nitrogen, which pushes leafy growth instead of flowers. Follow the fertiliser row on each profile.
How is soil-free care different?
There is no reservoir. Potting soil holds water for days between waterings, and a mounted or bare-root plant does not, so watering is more frequent and drying between waterings is essential rather than optional.
Do these plants need fertiliser?
Yes, and it is easy to forget because there is no soil to amend. Most need a dilute feed added to their soaking or misting water during growth, at a fraction of normal strength.
Limitations of this ranking
Stated plainly, so you can judge how much weight to give it:
- No physical testing. Nothing here was grown, timed or measured by us. Every score is computed from the structured care data on this site, which is compiled from the botanical and horticultural sources listed below.
- Prices are researched ranges, not live quotes. They are typical retail for a standard starter size and will drift. Each plant profile carries the regional breakdown for five countries.
- Scores are relative to this directory, which holds 208 profiles. A plant absent from the directory cannot appear here, so this is not a claim about every plant in existence.
- Care data is species-level. Your light, your water and your home will move any of these plants up or down more than the gap between adjacent ranks.
- No individual expert reviewer is named. These pages are compiled and edited in-house against a published rubric. Where a claim matters, the source is cited below rather than attributed to an unnamed authority.
Sources
Of the 208 plant profiles in this directory, 18 meet the entry bar for flowering soil-free and mounted plants (9%). 15 of the 15 ranked here are non-toxic to cats and dogs, and the median entry price across the list is $6.
- ASPCA Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List. Species-level toxicity to cats and dogs, used for every pet-safety score.
- GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility). Accepted botanical names and taxon identifiers for every profile.
- iNaturalist. Source of the CC-licensed photographs, with photographer and licence credited per image.
- RHS Plant Finder. UK cultivation guidance, hardiness ratings and cultivar naming.
- Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Cross-checked culture notes, mature size and problem diagnosis.
Editorial disclosure: no plant on this page is sponsored, and Sodate takes no payment, commission or affiliate revenue for placement. Rankings are generated from the data by the scoring code in this site's repository, not chosen by hand. Published , last updated by Sodate Editorial Team.